When Spain, Ireland and Norway announced in May last year that they would recognise a Palestinian state, Israel’s closer allies dismissed the move as unhelpful to solving the crisis in Gaza.
While France, Britain and Canada stressed their support for establishing two states with recognised borders as the long-term solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict, they were wary of being seen to reward Hamas, of damaging relations with Israel and Washington, and of squandering diplomatic capital.
“I will not do an ’emo tional’ re co gnition,” French President Emmanuel Macron said at the time.
But as Israeli restrictions on aid escalated Gaza’s humanitarian crisis and a two-month truce ended in March, talks began in earnest that would lead three of the Group of Seven major Western economies to set out plans to recognise a Palestinian state in September.
“The possibility of atwo-state solution is being eroded before our eyes… that has been one of the factors that has brought us to this point to try to reverse, with partners, this cycle,” Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said on Thursday.
France and Saudi Arabia formed a plan to have more Western countries move towards Palestinian recognition while Arab states would be pushed to take a stronger line against Hamas.
The pair wanted their proposals to gain acceptance at a United Nations conference in June, but they struggled to gain traction, and the meeting was then postponed due to Israeli airstrikes on Iran and amid intense US diplomatic pressure.
The strikes led to a pause in public criticism of Israel from Western allies, and Arab states were hard to win round, but discussions continued behind the scenes.
Macron, Carney and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer were communicating with each other regularly by phone and texts in June and July, according to a Canadian source with direct knowledge of the events.
Canada was wary of acting alone and Britain wanted to ensure any move would have maximum impact, but Macron was more strident.
Alarm was growing about images of starving children and fears were mounting that Israel’s Gaza offensive, combined with settler attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank, would further undermine any chance of creating a sovereign Palestinian state.
On July 24, Macron made a surprise announcement that France would recognise a Palestinian state at the UN General Assembly in September.
Macron spoke with Starmer and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz two days later to discuss a “sustainable route to a two-state solution”, according to Starmer’s spokesperson, just before the prime minister was due to meet Trump in Scotland.
With Trump, Starmer pressed the case to do more to help Gaza, although, according to Trump, he never explicitly said a recognition plan was on the cards.
However, Trump has since criticised such moves as “re ward i n g Hamas”.
With Trump still in Britain on Tuesday, opening a golf course, Starmer recalled his cabinet from their summer break to get approval for his recognition plan.
Britain would recognise a Palestinian state in September unless there was a ceasefire and a lasting peace plan from Israel.
Like Macron, Starmer gave Carney a few hours’ warning. Once Britain and France had moved, Canada felt it had to follow suit, according to the Canadian source.
“International cooperation is essential to securing lasting peace and stability in the Middle East and Canada will do its best to help lead that effort,” Carney said on Wednesday, six days after Macron’s announcement.
More than three-quarters of the 193 members of the UN General Assembly already independently recognise a Palestinian state.
But the opposition of the US, with its veto power on the UN Security Council, means the UN cannot admit Palestine as a full member — a move that would effectively recognise a Palestinian state at global level.
However, Richard Gowan, who is UN director at the International Crisis Group, said the declarations mattered “precisely because we are seeing some big US allies catching up with the bulk of the Global South on the Palestinian question at the UN”.
“That makes it a little harder for Israel to write off the pro-recognition camp as irrelevant.”
The writers are from Reuters
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